paradigms that are closely related to the ideas and ideals of pre-modern historians. In this Chapter I will address this problem by trying to detect different, pre-modern paradigms i.e. This raises the critical question, though, of whether imperial success has always been built on these three pillars. 3 This is exactly what we experience today, as both the last remaining empires and the more recent nation states all attempt, to a greater or lesser extent, to follow the European paradigm that encompasses national cohesion, economic growth, and military strength. According to Charles Maier, the latter occurs ‘when subject nations and their leaders voluntarily emulate the metropole’s values and tastes’. The effective combination of these three elements produced a paradigm of what contemporary historians would consider to be a successful empire or the ‘optimal imperial outcome’. The latter is often conceived as being the result of a particular form of imperialism, driven by the demands of nationalism and the industrial revolution, and realized thanks to new gunpowder technology. This volume is about the cohesion of Eurasian empires before the age of European hegemony.
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